To coincide with the release of Air Con Climategate Edition on Kindle, there's been a stunning announcement today that we appear to be seeing major changes in the Sun, of a type that heralded the Little Ice Age.
The full text of the news release follows, courtesy of WattsUpWithThat:
I’ve managed to get a copy of the official press release provided by the Southwest Research Institute Planetary Science Directorate to MSM journalists, for today’s stunning AAS announcement and it is reprinted in full here:
WHAT’S DOWN WITH THE SUN?
MAJOR DROP IN SOLAR ACTIVITY PREDICTED
MAJOR DROP IN SOLAR ACTIVITY PREDICTED
Latitude-time plots of jet streams under the Sun's surface show the surprising shutdown of the
solar cycle mechanism. New jet streams typically form at about 50 degrees latitude
(as in 1999 on this plot) and are associated with the following solar cycle 11 years later.
New jet streams associated with a future 2018-2020 solar maximum were expected to form
by 2008 but are not present even now, indicating a delayed or missing Cycle 25.
A missing jet stream, fading spots, and slower activity near the poles say that our Sun is heading
for a rest period even as it is acting up for the first time in years, according to scientists at the
National Solar Observatory (NSO) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).
for a rest period even as it is acting up for the first time in years, according to scientists at the
National Solar Observatory (NSO) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).
As the current sunspot cycle, Cycle 24, begins to ramp up toward maximum, independent
studies of the solar interior, visible surface, and the corona indicate that the next 11-year
solar sunspot cycle, Cycle 25, will be greatly reduced or may not happen at all.
studies of the solar interior, visible surface, and the corona indicate that the next 11-year
solar sunspot cycle, Cycle 25, will be greatly reduced or may not happen at all.
The results were announced at the annual meeting of the Solar Physics Division of the
American Astronomical Society, which is being held this week at New Mexico State University
in Las Cruces:
American Astronomical Society, which is being held this week at New Mexico State University
in Las Cruces:
“This is highly unusual and unexpected,” Dr. Frank Hill, associate director of the NSO’s Solar
Synoptic Network, said of the results. “But the fact that three completely different views of the
Sun point in the same direction is a powerful indicator that the sunspot cycle may be going into
hibernation.”
Synoptic Network, said of the results. “But the fact that three completely different views of the
Sun point in the same direction is a powerful indicator that the sunspot cycle may be going into
hibernation.”
Spot numbers and other solar activity rise and fall about every 11 years, which is half of the
Sun’s 22-year magnetic interval since the Sun’s magnetic poles reverse with each cycle. An
immediate question is whether this slowdown presages a second Maunder Minimum, a
70-year period with virtually no sunspots during 1645-1715.
Sun’s 22-year magnetic interval since the Sun’s magnetic poles reverse with each cycle. An
immediate question is whether this slowdown presages a second Maunder Minimum, a
70-year period with virtually no sunspots during 1645-1715.
Hill is the lead author on one of three papers on these results being presented this week. Using
data from the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) of six observing stations around the
world, the team translates surface pulsations caused by sound reverberating through the Sun
into models of the internal structure. One of their discoveries is an east-west zonal wind flow
inside the Sun, called the torsional oscillation, which starts at mid-latitudes and migrates
towards the equator. The latitude of this wind stream matches the new spot formation in each cycle, and successfully predicted the late onset of the current Cycle 24.
data from the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) of six observing stations around the
world, the team translates surface pulsations caused by sound reverberating through the Sun
into models of the internal structure. One of their discoveries is an east-west zonal wind flow
inside the Sun, called the torsional oscillation, which starts at mid-latitudes and migrates
towards the equator. The latitude of this wind stream matches the new spot formation in each cycle, and successfully predicted the late onset of the current Cycle 24.
“We expected to see the start of the zonal flow for Cycle 25 by now,” Hill explained, “but we see
no sign of it. This indicates that the start of Cycle 25 may be delayed to 2021 or 2022, or may
not happen at all.”
no sign of it. This indicates that the start of Cycle 25 may be delayed to 2021 or 2022, or may
not happen at all.”
In the second paper, Matt Penn and William Livingston see a long-term weakening trend in the
strength of sunspots, and predict that by Cycle 25 magnetic fields erupting on the Sun will be
so weak that few if any sunspots will be formed. Spots are formed when intense magnetic flux
tubes erupt from the interior and keep cooled gas from circulating back to the interior. For
typical sunspots this magnetism has a strength of 2,500 to 3,500 gauss (Earth’s magnetic field is
less than 1 gauss at the surface); the field must reach at least 1,500 gauss to form a dark spot.
strength of sunspots, and predict that by Cycle 25 magnetic fields erupting on the Sun will be
so weak that few if any sunspots will be formed. Spots are formed when intense magnetic flux
tubes erupt from the interior and keep cooled gas from circulating back to the interior. For
typical sunspots this magnetism has a strength of 2,500 to 3,500 gauss (Earth’s magnetic field is
less than 1 gauss at the surface); the field must reach at least 1,500 gauss to form a dark spot.
Average magnetic field strength in sunspot umbras has been steadily declining for over a
decade. The trend includes sunspots from Cycles 22, 23, and (the current cycle) 24.
decade. The trend includes sunspots from Cycles 22, 23, and (the current cycle) 24.
Using more than 13 years of sunspot data collected at the McMath-Pierce Telescope at Kitt
Peak in Arizona, Penn and Livingston observed that the average field strength declined about
50 gauss per year during Cycle 23 and now in Cycle 24. They also observed that spot
temperatures have risen exactly as expected for such changes in the magnetic field. If the
trend continues, the field strength will drop below the 1,500 gauss threshold and spots will
largely disappear as the magnetic field is no longer strong enough to overcome convective
forces on the solar surface.
Peak in Arizona, Penn and Livingston observed that the average field strength declined about
50 gauss per year during Cycle 23 and now in Cycle 24. They also observed that spot
temperatures have risen exactly as expected for such changes in the magnetic field. If the
trend continues, the field strength will drop below the 1,500 gauss threshold and spots will
largely disappear as the magnetic field is no longer strong enough to overcome convective
forces on the solar surface.
Moving outward, Richard Altrock, manager of the Air Force’s coronal research program at
NSO’s Sunspot, NM, facilities has observed a slowing of the “rush to the poles,” the rapid
poleward march of magnetic activity observed in the Sun’s faint corona. Altrock used four
decades of observations with NSO’s 40-cm (16-inch) coronagraphic telescope at Sunspot.
NSO’s Sunspot, NM, facilities has observed a slowing of the “rush to the poles,” the rapid
poleward march of magnetic activity observed in the Sun’s faint corona. Altrock used four
decades of observations with NSO’s 40-cm (16-inch) coronagraphic telescope at Sunspot.
“A key thing to understand is that those wonderful, delicate coronal features are actually
powerful, robust magnetic structures rooted in the interior of the Sun,” Altrock explained. “Changes
we see in the corona reflect changes deep inside the Sun.”
powerful, robust magnetic structures rooted in the interior of the Sun,” Altrock explained. “Changes
we see in the corona reflect changes deep inside the Sun.”
Altrock used a photometer to map iron heated to 2 million degrees C (3.6 million F). Stripped
of half of its electrons, it is easily concentrated by magnetism rising from the Sun. In a well-known
pattern, new solar activity emerges first at about 70 degrees latitude at the start of a cycle, then
towards the equator as the cycle ages. At the same time, the new magnetic fields push remnants
of the older cycle as far as 85 degrees poleward.
of half of its electrons, it is easily concentrated by magnetism rising from the Sun. In a well-known
pattern, new solar activity emerges first at about 70 degrees latitude at the start of a cycle, then
towards the equator as the cycle ages. At the same time, the new magnetic fields push remnants
of the older cycle as far as 85 degrees poleward.
“In cycles 21 through 23, solar maximum occurred when this rush appeared at an average
latitude of 76 degrees,” Altrock said. “Cycle 24 started out late and slow and may not be strong
enough to create a rush to the poles, indicating we’ll see a very weak solar maximum in 2013, if
at all. If the rush to the poles fails to complete, this creates a tremendous dilemma for the theorists, as
it would mean that Cycle 23’s magnetic field will not completely disappear from the polar regions
(the rush to the poles accomplishes this feat). No one knows what the Sun will do in that case.”
latitude of 76 degrees,” Altrock said. “Cycle 24 started out late and slow and may not be strong
enough to create a rush to the poles, indicating we’ll see a very weak solar maximum in 2013, if
at all. If the rush to the poles fails to complete, this creates a tremendous dilemma for the theorists, as
it would mean that Cycle 23’s magnetic field will not completely disappear from the polar regions
(the rush to the poles accomplishes this feat). No one knows what the Sun will do in that case.”
All three of these lines of research to point to the familiar sunspot cycle shutting down for a while.
“If we are right,” Hill concluded, “this could be the last solar maximum we’ll see for a few decades.
That would affect everything from space exploration to Earth’s climate.”
That would affect everything from space exploration to Earth’s climate.”
# # #
Media teleconference information: This release is the subject of a media
teleconference at the current meeting of the American Astronomical Society’s
Solar Physics Division (AAS/SPD). The telecon will be held at 11 a.m. MDT
(17:00 UTC) on Tuesday, 14 June. Bona fide journalists are invited to attend
the teleconference and should send an e-mail to the AAS/SPD press officer,
Craig DeForest, at deforest@boulder.swri.edu, with the subject heading “SPD:
SOLAR MEDIA TELECON”, before 16:00 UTC. You will receive dial-in information
before the telecon.
teleconference at the current meeting of the American Astronomical Society’s
Solar Physics Division (AAS/SPD). The telecon will be held at 11 a.m. MDT
(17:00 UTC) on Tuesday, 14 June. Bona fide journalists are invited to attend
the teleconference and should send an e-mail to the AAS/SPD press officer,
Craig DeForest, at deforest@boulder.swri.edu, with the subject heading “SPD:
SOLAR MEDIA TELECON”, before 16:00 UTC. You will receive dial-in information
before the telecon.
These results have been presented at the current meeting of the AAS/SPD.
Citations:
Citations:
16.10: “Large-Scale Zonal Flows During the Solar Minimum — Where Is Cycle
25?” by Frank Hill, R. Howe, R. Komm, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, T.P. Larson,
J. Schou & M. J. Thompson.
25?” by Frank Hill, R. Howe, R. Komm, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, T.P. Larson,
J. Schou & M. J. Thompson.
17.21: “A Decade of Diminishing Sunspot Vigor” by W. C. Livingston, M. Penn
& L. Svalgard.
& L. Svalgard.
18.04: “Whither Goes Cycle 24? A View from the Fe XIV Corona” by R. C.
Altrock.
Altrock.
Source:
Southwest Research Institute Planetary Science Directorate
Supplemental images: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~deforest/SPD-sunspot-release/
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